To truly understand philosophers of the past it is important to also study what was happening in their environment. What led them to start thinking and what colored those thoughts? For Soren Kierkegaard we look to the first half of the 19th century (@1800-1850) and the significant historical and political developments that were happening in Denmark. Here are some key cultural developments from that time:
- Napoleonic Wars: Denmark was involved in the Napoleonic Wars.
- Loss of Norway: In 1814, as a result of the Treaty of Kiel, Denmark-Norway was forced to cede Norway to Sweden. This marked the end of the Dano-Norwegian union that had lasted for centuries.
- Constitutional Monarchy: In 1849, Denmark adopted a new constitution, establishing a constitutional monarchy and limiting the power of the king. This marked the transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one.
- Schleswig Wars: In 1848 the First Schleswig War began. This conflict, and those that followed, had significant implications for Denmark’s territorial boundaries and its relationship with Prussia and Germany.
- Industrialization: Denmark experienced the early stages of industrialization during this period, with the growth of industries such as textiles, shipping, and manufacturing. The expansion of the railway network also played a role in connecting different regions of the country.
- Cultural Flourishing: The early 19th century was a time of cultural revival in Denmark, often referred to as the Danish Golden Age. Prominent figures like Kierkegaard, Hans Christian Andersen, and Adam Oehlenschlager made significant contributions to literature, philosophy, and the arts.
- Economic Challenges: Despite industrialization, Denmark faced economic challenges during this period, including agricultural crises and reliance on farming. This led to significant emigration, particularly to the United Sates, as many sought better economic opportunities abroad.
- Education Reforms: Denmark underwent educational reforms during this time, with an emphasis on improving public education and access to knowledge. The Grundtvigian movement played a key role in promoting education and literacy.
The examples of events and developments in Denmark during Kierkegaard’s lifetime shaped the nation’s history, politics, culture and economy. It also shaped the way people in Denmark perceived the world. To understand Kierkegaard’s philosophy it is important to take these into account in seeing how his concepts were colored and seen through the lens of his time.